Annotated Bibliography for Preventive Computer Medicine

For Preventive Computer Medicine - Annotated Bibliography Example He recommends that the enhanced features and additional protections offered by paid-for versions are worth the extra money. One reason consumers don’t protect their computers properly is that they feel shelling out money for anti-virus software is a scam or too painful on the budget, so this article supports my recommendation of using paid-for scanning software. This is an extremely short article but does make some interesting recommendations, such as carefully researching freeware, dashboard add-ons, and screensavers before downloading them. If the company does not pass the research test or other users have experienced problems, those programs should be avoided. Garcia recommends taking a proactive approach to infections by using the most cutting-edge software to prevent rather than cure computer infections. He notes that integrated systems are probably better than standalone software. This article helps to shape my recommendation that preventing computer problems is an overall approach, even though that requires more attention and management from the end user. A series of good tips for avoiding crashes, bugs and virus problems, including the typical advice of using the most up to date antivirus software, carefully checking all incoming files and links, and creating system backups. Good basic support opinion for several points in my essay. Short article containing almost the same tips as several others, but does give the web addresses of a few resources that warrant further investigation for this essay such as the US Department of Energy’s Hoaxbusters page and the Computer Associates Virus Encyclopedia. Historical background for the beginning of computer virus era. Jelinski presents a simplified overview of the origins of viruses and how to avoid them. This is relevant to my essay because the article presents the same simple advice given for the past 12 years.     

Placement Paper Essay Example for Free

Placement Paper Essay The placement in focus is a group of 15 – 19 year-old individuals who have been excluded from mainstream education due to behavioral problems. These problems can be generalized according to the description made by the American Psychological Association (2000) of oppositional defiant disorder or ODD as â€Å"a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures. † Based on the theory developed in APA (2000), individuals who suffer from ODD find much difficulty in being able to operate effectively in a traditional learning environment. This falls in line with my findings on the social and personal development needs of young people in the placement. There were various areas identified where the individuals in the placement needed to develop. On a social level, the individuals need to develop forging less antagonistic relationships with one another. What was perceived throughout the work period of the individuals was that antagonistic factions have bee built up. These factions generally tended to have a racial characteristic, with those with the same racial traits (such as the Blacks or the Latinos), finding it reasonable to stay with one another. While this cliquing activity is normal amongst teenagers, what is not normal is the amount of antagonism that one clique gives to another. Another problem is that there are a few people who are left out by all of the cliques, and these people are the ones who are picked on most of the time. Being defenseless, these people have no choice but to take the psychological, and occasionally physical battery thrown at them by other members of the placement group. Towards solving this difficulty, there are several social areas within the members of the group that need to be developed. First is their sense of security. What is obvious is that many of the placement members are using membership to a clique as a way to have a group that would defend them when they are antagonized against. What should be developed in them is the idea that they do not need a clique to defend them against antagonism because the placement group is not a hostile environment but rather an environment for cooperative and mutual learning. If the members of the placement realize this, the fear between cliques that is generating conflict would abate and the members of the placement would learn to get along with one another better. The second area of social development is tolerance. The placement members should be acquainted with the concept of pluralism, that is, recognizing that there are different, conflicting ideas from different people that can coexist through mutual respect. An example of the lack of this trait is observed in cases when members get into an argument. Each member tries as much as possible to prove to the other that the other is wrong, and each is unwilling to make any concessions. It is important to develop in the placement members, the ability to recognize the value of the argument of others and to see that through reasonable debate and proper concessions, two arguments can reach an acceptable middle ground. On the level of personal development, there are also several points identified by the findings. First among these is that the placement members need to build a sense of life-direction. It was observed that many of the placement members do not participant because they feel that participation is pointless. The value of the education system is nonexistent within their perspectives and they believe that they are just wasting their time. Thus, what should be developed is the value of a good education. The placement members must be made to realize what opportunities they are giving up without a proper education. Secondly, diligence is another value that should be developed within the placement members. Most of the time, members try to seek the easiest way to accomplish the task, without considering that some tasks would take considerable effort to accomplish. While there is nothing wrong with trying to find shortcuts and the initiative of doing so is actually a positive characteristic, what should be developed in the placement group is the ability to realize when hard work is required by a task. These social and personal developmental needs should be addressed in order to help the members of the placement group function normally. Second Prompt In the project accomplished, four youths were asked to go to the local park where materials were provided for them for them to build a â€Å"rocket ship† that would contain an egg. The materials given were paper, scissors, cellotape, and the egg. Their objective was to make a contained for the egg such that when the container is launched (like a rocket ship) 25 yards high into the air with the egg contained in it, the egg would not break upon the ship’s impact on the ground. The objective therefore is to create a container that would allow the egg to survive being launched. In giving the youths the project, the facilitator presented the instructions clearly, so that the youths would understand exactly what was required for them to accomplish. The facilitator approached the topic with enthusiasm, and emphasized the â€Å"make-believe† side of the project by discussing matters about rocket ships before giving the activity. This created a deep sense of motivation among the group members which made them eager to begin working on the project. In order to help the youths become organized in working on the project, the facilitator suggested that they brainstormed first. That is, discussed individual ideas among one another so that they can synthesize the best way to accomplish the task. This work processes was very effective as seen from observing the youths at work. All of the four members were actively giving their opinions about how to go about the project. Based on the ideas that they were generating, they were slowly but surely constructing a solid plant that would later get the job done. However also during the observation, the theoretical perspectives of conflict was also playing out. The rejection of some suggestions from one member which were not well-received by another member created tension between two of the youths working on the project. The facilitator immediately made use of conflict pacifying techniques prevent the group from breaking down and the project from being left unfinished. This reinforced the earlier findings of the facilitator regarding the need for social development within the members of the placement group. The problem from a theoretical point of view is that they were highly resistant to conflicting viewpoints and see such occurrences immediately as acts of hostility that they need to counter with equal or greater hostility. Through making the members of the group see that their criticisms of each other suggestions can be utilized constructively, the tense members were pacified that the project continued. Based on a consensus among the group members, they resolved to construct the space ship by creating a hollow base filled with air. One of the members who knew how to make paper balloons created them from the material while the rest worked on the ship’s structure that would hold the egg. After they were done, they launched the ship with the egg in it and were successful at keeping the egg from breaking. What was observed by the facilitator in their success was that it strengthened their social bonds. When they saw that working together was successful, they applauded one another’s efforts and the two who had been previously antagonized against one another quickly settled their differences completely. Based on this observation, it is clear that the activity improved the youths capability to work together, to be more understanding of one another’s ideas, and to synthesize ideas in a manner that can get the task done right. What is recommended is that more activities such as the one accomplished be given to the members of the placement group. These activities can be used to convey actual learning objectives derived from the mainstream classroom. In this way, the youths would actually be learning not just about working together but about actual academic content through the activities that they perform with one another. Third Prompt There have been significant contributions of from different members of the placement. The placement experience has allowed members to become more aware about the value of education and has made members experience activities that enriched their social and personal development. The current policies in the educational system are effective as it is able to provide solutions to problems encountered in the classroom by sending problematic students to placements where they can be better acquainted with the learning process and be more ready to return to the mainstream classroom. Reference APA. (2000). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Fourth Edition. American Psychiatric Publications.

The Core Aspects of Marketing

The Core Aspects of Marketing Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Kotler P Marketing is the set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges. CIM The Chartered Institute of Marketing define marketing as The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably According to my point of view AMA (American Marketing Association) says that marketing is an activity, which an institute does a process like communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings to have a valuable customer or clients. According to my point of view Kotler P says that marketing is a human activity which facilitates in doing their final activity in exchanging their products. According to my point of view CIM (Chartered Institute of Marketing) says that it is a management process which is responsible for identifying and satisfying the customer requirements very usefully. Small history about my selected organization -LG (Lucky Gold star) The company was originally established in 1958 as Gold star, producing Radios, TVs, Refrigerators, Washing machines, and Air Conditioners. (LG-MARKETING-Mix) (http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12163409/LG-MARKETING-Mix) According to these three definitions LG is following AMA (American Marketing Association) definition. AMA defines as marketing as the institution which does the social service to the customers. This is what LG is following; their main aim is also todoa social service to the public. TASK-1.2 Out of the orientations that exist, try to identify to which orientation the organization belongs to and justify your selection with appropriate examples taken from the organization Orientation Orientation means persons attitude or adjustment in relation to a particular event. (Dictionary) Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: time, place and person. Problems with orientation lead to disorientation, and can be due to various conditions, from delirium to intoxication. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(mental) There are four types of orientations those are: Product Orientation Sales Orientation Market Orientation Production Orientation Product Orientation Product orientation means an organization which mainly concentrates on their products to make profits at the same time to fulfill the customers needs. When the production process is going on the employees who are working their will mainly concentrate on the proper packaging method the best quality method. E.g.: If we look upon the example, because of the proper packaging method customers will get attracted to a particular product they will buy it without any hesitation. We can say magi noodles are best examples for that. When a business bases its ability to make profits on the high technical quality of its products, rather than on customer needs. (Lexicon) Sales Orientation Sales orientation means an organization which mainly concentrates on their sales on a particular time period like a year, month and week. In any organizations their main view will be their sales volume their sales cost etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. E.g.: If we look upon the example in sales orientation we can say LGs phone business as a best one, because of their standard products people get attracted they will buy automatically. Market Orientation Marketing orientation means an organization which mainly concentrates on how to market their product to the customers. In this method the organization will target a particular group to increase their profits. E.g.: If we look upon the example in market orientation we can say Babies are a good target group in which we can earn more profits than the other target group. Production Orientation Production orientation means an organization which mainly concentrates in the production line. Where they mainly concentrate on the needs and wants of the target market, rather concerning about the production techniques etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ E.g.: If we look upon the example in production orientation LG is following the Market sales orientation method because to capture the customers to their selves. They are actually targeting their groups at the same time they are producing different products. They are feeling very comfortable with the market orientation method. TASK-1.3 Examine how the selected organization is responding to the emerging new trends and compare the orientations exist in the market place by taking examples. According to LG, new trend system is not a big matter for them because they are always analyzing the customers needs wants according to their environment. LG is an organization which always looks for their opportunities. LG is providing advanced technological equipments to develop their products according to their latest trends, which is available in the market they are proving that they are market oriented organization. Their new technology has proven that is a big driver for the new product development development for their existing products. So, their new technological trends are always proving that their ultimate opportunities to the firms to develop their products in a new way. If we consider about new trends that LG organization had followed to satisfy their customer, we can see several new things that they are using in their organization. There are some examples for it. LG planning to introduce all new experimental e-paper. In the field of electronic display LG organization is in a higher place. Because LG organization is in the field of electronics for nearly 40 years. They are always trying to do new experiments on new technology items. So, LG have planned to introduce two new experimental methods those are e-papers which will be available in the market in the form of a 19 inch flexible e-papers display a 9.7 inch color e-paper display. (LG trends update) LG electronics introduces the worlds slimmest OLED 3D TV at IFA 2010 LG has designed its new product in concord with 2010 borderless TV series home theatre system with new colors patterns. According to the LGs display search method, North Americans Blue-ray players market forecast is bright; in 2009 up to 4.44 million were sold, Blue-ray players expected that it will get sold up to 7.85 million in 2010, but it did not. Because of that they will continue to increase intensely by 17 million by 2012. In response to this huge growth of Blue-ray market, LG has doubled their sales to 2.5 million which followed from last years profit of one million sold. LGs ambitious plan is to sell 1.2 million Blue-rays players to North America, Which is a largest market in the world. One of the biggest names in the field of consumer electronic products, LG Electronics, has taken the IFA 2010 export system in Berlin, Germany; they have taken the 3D revolution to new heights. (LG Trends Updates) LG unveils an all new residential solar power Hybrid Air conditioner Nowadays there is a great concern about Green House gases in the atmosphere about the depletion of the ozone layer. Because of the heavy storm many products are getting green treatment, especially in the consumer electronics good, where now many companies are introducing highly energy well organized products which provides 100% reliability to do their best to save the environment.(LG Trends Updates) LGs Promoting New Blue-ray Players in US Whats LGs grand plan for promoting their new Blue-ray players? Target the US market. LG Electronics launched their brand new inventive Blue-ray players of 2010 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). LG electronics has strengthened its strategic alliances by developing the enterprise thus they will target the Blue-ray players market. LGs head Kang shin-ik, said that The combination of our technology and partnerships with content-making corporations has paved the way to control over the Blue-ray players market.(Digital trends) LG will start the source of power to dominate the Blue-ray players in the market of North America; Because of the advanced Blue-ray players they can run the movies, music, can show lots of other entertainment, like showing the weather forecast via internet this a great plus for the organization. Furthermore, we can use various contents by simply pressing the shortcut button on. By the net cast method LG is mechanizing the whole content services which are applied to broadband TV, Blue-ray players the home theatre system. LG introduced the Blue-ray system method in the second half of 2008, which also permitted Netflix contents. We can say that Americas number one online movie rental website is Netflix. Also LG added YouTube, the worlds popular video website of UCC in the first half of last year; their fore all the users can watch the videos in YouTube of the definition of Blue-ray players. As a result LG is providing some usefulness to the customers, where can watch more than 12,000 high-quality movies, TV programs UCC videos etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This technology method will get uploaded by 13 hours capacity where in their own living room or bedroom. What we have to do is just to click the Blue-ray player it will do all the work for you. LG is further expanding their Blue-ray network. They will expand their Blue-ray system to a higher level thus in the near future. LG is tempting to the Blue-ray player, which is connected to the internet other multimedia devices such as Wi-Fi Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA). Through this method users can use the network by their PCs they can use to run movies other files. (Digital Trends) Conclusion-In my point of view I would say that always LG is moving to the new trends, because to invent new technologies other items. Their main is to satisfy the customers by their wants according to their environmental culture. TASK-1.4 In your view point explain the cost and benefits of the marketing approach of the selected organization If we see upon this topic this is an interesting exiting topic.Cost benefit of an organization plays a major role in an organization. Cost means how much amount that is paid to purchase a product benefit means how much advantage we too ked from that product. For this procedure organization is using lots of method to increase their benefits. When we are considering about LGs cost benefits procedure they are using different kind of cost techniques at the same time they are also getting the benefits too. If we buy a LCD TV in LG in the big size like 32 inches more we can have a small home theatre system for free. If we buy any high rated product from LG the employees who are working will give a good service to the buyer like taking their product keeping in their vehicle. There are providing best facilities for their customers. Facilities like Air conditioning the full place it means keeping the entire place cool allowing the customers to park their vehicles They are using some new technologies communication method like hoarding, posters, banners other methods to grab the attention of the customers. If we see upon the benefits LG organization is providing to the customers giving special discounts in the festival time. In the above category there are some costs benefits which are provided by LG. The Awards which LG got If we see upon the awards which LG has achieved, we can say many things like LG got the award for the innovative organization for their creative thoughts in the years of 1989-1994. LG got the green products award in 2009 for their step towards better environment. LG got an award of CES wireless handset which is for the electronics. Like this LG organization has got many awards. Customer Satisfaction If we see upon the customer satisfaction level in LG its really good, because all the employees who are working in LG satisfying the customer needs perfectly according to their requirements. For the second consecutive year, LG has got the highest rank in customer satisfaction with the clothes washers dryers according to the J.D Powers method. Market share LG is a worldwide company where moreover employees are working to satisfy the customers. LG has a biggest market share in the world. If we see upon the market share of LG it is having about 65% in the world Strong brand name If we see upon the LG it is a reputed international firm which has a diversified product line in the electronics field, so LG has a strong financial position which is big strength for the firm. Conclusion- In my point of view I would say that LG is charging only few of money, but they are giving lots of benefits to customers. They are getting more awards for their creativeness, satisfying the customers in a best way, keeping a good market share in the world having a strong brand name in the world. TASK-2.1 The macro and micro environmental factor influences of the selected organization marketing activities. Macro Environment Macro environment means the external factors which will affect a companys planning and their performance which are beyond their control. Micro Environment Micro environment is an environment which covers a small area of a particular organization. This studies about the individuals, household and firms that make decisions to all to allocate the limited resources, where goods services are being bought sold. In the micro environment there will be customers, competitors, suppliers the public (marketing Mimi.hu) Macro Micro environment in LG This is the environment which effect the organization externally. By analyzing this environment you can get the opportunity avoid the threads. Macro environment Political factor Economic factor Socio-cultural factor Technological factor Political Factor If we see upon the political factor there is being a major issue in Pakistan. There political conditions have made industry very unstable. Because of that issue all the other LG firms around the world are getting affected. Economic Factor If we see upon the economic factor Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an important thing to any organization. If the GDP is high then the disposal income will be high at the same time spending power will also increase. So, we have to mainly consider on the inflation method because if the inflation increases products prices will increase this will affect the customers buying pattern, but if the inflation decreases products prices will go down this will help the customers to buy more products at the same time. So we should carefully handle these problems. Socio-Cultural Factor LG is a company which originated from Korea according to that other countries adapted Koreas culture. There are social forms of society which contain of Upper class, middle class lower class. Every country has cultural standards, values, beliefs and religion which can affect the organization. Technological Factor Nowadays we can see that technology is improving a lot. Due to the new technologies internet, communication system other methods are introduced. Because of these technologies people are getting more benefits like sending the messages very quickly by internet, speaking to their relatives other well-known people who are in abroad. Because of the improvement of new technologies LGs products became cheaper their quality of product has been increased. Micro environment of LG Employees The number of employees of LG electronics stood at approximately 82,000 at the end of 2007. Many of the people are working overseas in the LGs firm. The people who are working in overseas should try to increase the localization strategy. In the world 16% of female employees are working as total domestic workforce. The average of the total male female workforce is 33.8 years; totally 0.8% of the disabled people are working in the total workforce. (Market share of LG) Suppliers In the LG firm all the management people are well skilled they are keeping a good relationship with the other members. LG is a qualified organization so they always go to the qualified suppliers. In this all the suppliers are from different countries like China, Italy, France, Japan USA, So supplier is a main part in an organization. LG is getting the supply products from Abans. Customers LG is a worldwide organization, so according to the brand name many customers will come to buy the product to satisfy their needs wants. LGs products are most probably suites for the people who are interested in the product. Competitors In every field we can see there is a big competition among the organizations. If we see upon the competitors in LG there are many of them. We can say Samsung, Sony, Singer, Whirlpool many companies for the competitors. Management Managers are the people who are responsible for the managerial work. So, Managers role is very important to any organization. If we see upon the LG management it is very good in solving its risks. LGs managers are very helpful to the customers, because if there any problem occurs managers will try to understand the customers problem theyll try to solve it. Conclusion- In my point of view I would say that LGs macro micro factors are really helpful to the employees who are working their to the customers who are coming to buy the product. TASK-2.2 Identify and explain the segmentation criteria used in the domestic marketing approach (both B2C and B2B) Segmentation Segmentation means a company which operates in a broader market to target a group of customers with their specific characteristics. In segmentation we cannot satisfy all the customers needs at the same time, because all the customers buying pattern will be varied in according to their requirements. There are four types of segmentation criterias Those are: Geographical Segmentation Demographical Segmentation Psycho graphical Segmentation Behavioral Segmentation Market segmentation of LG is very simple easy to understand. Geographic: If we see upon the LG firm in the region wise they have it in different countries. They are following this method to capture the market all around the world. If we see upon the LG firm in the city wise they have the companies 80 km distance another company to keep up the team sprit among the members. Demographic: Second base is the demographic segmentation method where it will mainly consider about the income level. If the organization is targeting a higher class company LGs segment will be consumers with high income levels. Psychographic: Third base is the psychographic segmentation method where it will considers about the classes like upper class, middle class the lower class. Psychographics includes some variables those are: Activities- If we look upon the activities which are LG is currently doing we can say many things like LG doing after sales service to the customers other activities. Interests-If we see upon the interests that an LG person has, to create new things like creating a new technology item into the market. Behavioral: Behavioral is another method in which where the firm will mainly consider about buyers behavior. In this method the organization will give lots of benefits to the customers like giving the products in a good quality one. Conclusion-In my point of view I would say that segmentation means a company which will have a broader market targets a group of customers who will have the specific characteristics. These four criterias are helping the organization to be in a good position. TASK-2.3 Outline the factors which influence the choice of targeting strategy for the selected organization. Targeting LG has targeted the market on the basis of the product that they are offering to the customer they are also targeting the consumers who are more concerned on their safety health issues. They are Targeting: Upper class segment-Targeting the upper class people who will buy more of the product. Upper end-Targeting the middle class people who will buy a some of product. They are also targeting those consumers who are taking more concern about their life style product. Because LG is a world class company all the consumers are thinking that they need quality products. LG Company is having the LCD plasma television the TV DIOS refrigerator for the premier segment. LG is now going to shift from middle class segment they are moving their product to the mass market. Basis of selecting the Target Market Basis of selecting valuable customers, that means selecting the best customers who are buying their products at LG without looking their costs. LG organization is targeting people like this to earn the profit at the same time to give a good service to the customers. Conclusion- TASK-2.4 Explain the activities undertaken by the organization to influence the buyer decision process and based on your findings explain the organizational and business buyer behavioral characteristics affecting the selected organization. TASK-3.1 Analyze the different product/ services offered by the organization and explain how the products and services are developed in order to achieve a competitive advantage. Product If we see upon the product it is the main important function in the 4ps. LG is striving to gain the market leadership position so they have thought to bring new innovative products to the market. To gain the market leadership position they are introducing new products to the market like the Quadoor refrigerator other new products. If we see the products in LG they have categorized into four that is Digital Appliance, Digital Display, Digital Media, Mobial communication. In this four types we can see which product is in which category, the products are showed below Digital appliance- Air conditioner, Refrigerator, washing machines, vacuum cleaner, Microwave ovens etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Digital Display- TVs, Monitors, video tapes, DVD-R Disc etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Digital media- Optical storage, Audio, notebook, PC, DVD player etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Mobial communication- Mobial telecommunication, WLL handsets, Telecommunication systems etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In this four category we can see all the products which are available in LG. we can always expect that the products quality will be good at the same time we can say that that the products will be in the latest technology. TASK-3.2 What are the distribution channels used by the organization in order to increase the customer convenience and evaluate it. Currently LG is using the distribution channel of Pak Electron (Pvt.) Ltd. that is very intensive and strong distribution channel that enables company to make its products available company wide. So there is strong distribution network owned by LG. (LG Quadoor) According to the places of LG it has many outlets in Sri Lanka Distribution channels-Teleseen marketing

How to refine Tai Lin Radio Service Ltd to the market leader position in the electrical appliances retail industry :: Strategic Business Management Strategy

1.0 Executive Summary Electrical appliances are an indispensable part of our daily. Hong Kong's electrical appliances retail trades vigorous development in recent years, because present is age of technical and information, many technical products arose at this historic moment. They are providing a wide array of quality and fashionable digital products, including consumer electronics, computers and communication items, enabling trend-seeking customers to enjoy a vibrant digital lifestyle. In the electrical appliance stores, the product type are more and more on selling, as the same time, the electrical appliance outlet or specialty shop are rapid increase. Which making tomorrow’s dream of smart living today’s reality for people in Hong Kong. Recently, electrical appliances store mostly with chain management, also have the magnificent decoration and be stationed in Hong Kong or Kowloon each famous plaza or shopping mall. These forces the electrical appliances retail trade arrive to a period which â€Å"The powerhouse retains, the weak one eliminates† .Many old shops replaced by new competitor or reformed because they are lack of reform. This report based on the Tai Lin Radio Service Ltd present condition, though the multiple analyses and the suggestion, hope this marketing plan creates a long-term growth model for their retail success. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Company background and highlighting Tai Lin Radio Service Limited had it's beginnings in 1946, being one of the earliest electrics appliance store in Hong Kong. By serving the communities for sixty years, Tai Lin has established trust and esteem with customers. Retailing and repairing radios were the core early stage business of Tai Lin, by growing of the business, product range expanded broadly to televisions and electronic appliances. In 1975, Tai Lin even introduced the first stereo Hi-Fi to Hong Kong. In order to cope with the rapid growing populations in the 60's, Tai Lin broadly expanded their business by opening shop outlets in different areas of Hong Kong and varies shopping arcades. Tai Lin Radio Service Limited was officially trademarked in 1976 and as their name implied "Service Orientated" as the company's focal point. For the generations to come, Tai Lin would carry on their aim serving the communities with the latest electrics and the greatest sincere. Year 2006, Tai Lin is going to celebrate their 60th anniversary. By renovating their branches, rearranging the products mixture and opening more shop outlets in the near future, Tai Lin is going to present a completely revitalized new appearance. Nowadays, Tai Lin Radio Service Ltd has 10 branch stores in 8 locations - Tsuan Wan, Yuen long, Sha Tin, Mong Kok, Jordan, Kwun Tong, Causeway Bay and Central.

Role of Ngos in National Development and Security

THE ROLE OF NGO’S IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY By ( IBRAHIM TUDU) Chairman, Zamfara State Coaltion of NGOs, Nigeria email: [email  protected] com INTRODUCTION: The term NGO has now become a popular in academic, policy and international cycles. The letters N. G. O is an abbreviation, which stands for Non-Governmental Organization, literally speaking because they are not formed by the government, not controlled by Government bureaucracy and they do not participate in decision or policy making of Government(s). SOME HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES For a better understanding of the present topic, one needs to have an insight into the history or evolution of NGOs. Community based organization’s evolution dates back decades ago. Some of the then existing voluntary organizations were very small, inexperienced and generally localized and some exist with different names, such as societies and clubs committees which are mostly friends, relations, professional groups, etc. Generally, they lack some relevant organizational capacities, funding and networking. Some of the oldest voluntary organizations established were the Anti-Slave Trade Society established in the year 1840. Another old and still surviving NGO established for humanitarian services was the International Committee for the Red Cross and the Red Crescent, an organization that out dates even the United Nations. It was established in the year 1863. It has played a major role in offering humanitarian services in major wars and conflicts. NGOs globally are developed from the need to coordinate some specifically defined activities and objectives. Beginning from 19th century, Mosques, Churches, Professional, Scientific and Cultural groups formed all kinds of associations that execute the work of NGOs. In the 20th century, specialized bodies started to spring up in such areas like sports, businesses and communications. This paper would now try to fully define the meaning of NGO and also go further to answer some questions on how, why and the need for NGOs, before finally addressing the roles they play in the national development and security which is the topic this paper is designed to address. What is an NGO? Let me begin by asking us this question. What does the term NGO stands for or what is the meaning of an NGO? Even though there is no generally or universally restricted definition of NGO, however let us bring in some definitions by some institutions and international bodies in order to explain more the meaning or the message behind the term NGO. To enable us capture the idea behind the NGOs, four of these definitions would suffice; i. The British Library, for example agrees that NGOs has to do with voluntary participation by average citizen in the affairs of his environment or communities. This is so because there is no imposed membership, control by Government or State. They are now often called Private Voluntary Organizations (PVO). ii. The World Bank, defines NGOs as private organizations that pursue basic social services, or undertake community development services. They in whole or in part depend on charitable donations and offer voluntary services. iii. The United Nations, the present name N. G. O was first coined by the U. N in the year 1945. This was mainly to distinguish them from States and Governments. iv. The International Community generally adopts another name for NGO’s, which is â€Å"Civil Society Organizations†. This is generally because they are being formed by the citizen for the good of society and are generally not for profit. NGOs are known to be legitimately engaged in activities that touch on the lives of their communities. These include economic, social, humanitarian, security and philanthropy. They are nevertheless broad in names and activities depending on their objectives, focus and mode of operation. These include associations, societies, forums, foundations, networks, charities, organizations, trusts, centers, clubs, committees, etc. Why Are NGOs Established? Let us try to address the question or give answers to the reasons on why NGOs are established by communities. The belief that not all areas, activities, fields, needs and services of the communities are perfectly and completely offered or addressed by Governments however highly advanced or principled. This makes the establishment of NGOs absolutely necessary, complimentary and very encouraging in the history and developmental need of any nation. It is generally agreed that human capital is another form of economic capital. Therefore, the vast resources and capacities accumulated by the voluntary, non-profit organizations could not be disregarded. The zeal to serve ones community and offer services to the poor and the needy or participate in developmental activities or other humanitarian and relief services are some of the motivating factors that give rise to the establishment of NGOs. Recently, the activities of NGOs are on the rise, they are at the forefront in the fight for good governance, accountability and transparency by public office holders. So many factors and challenges have caused like minded eople to unite and forge common front on some issues of the day ranging from the quest for offering social services to the people, to offering relief, humanitarian and emergency services. So also the issue of globalization, environment and anti war issues has united communities. Between 1945 to 1995, the number of NGOs has increased astronomically. Currently, even in the absence of accurate data of the number of NGOs worldwide, one can safely say that their proliferation is directly associated with the coming of new technology, communication and the Internet. On the average, a new NGOs is created somewhere in the world every day. Generally, it is our opinion that the number of CBO and NGOs in a particular locality, state or nation providing non-profit services in a very healthy development which should not be over looked by any state or government. More recently, there has been growing interest in the activities of NGOs not only in Nigeria but worldwide. How Does NGOs Operate? Worldwide, the activities and contribution of NGOs to societies through their participation and providing inexpensive, value driven and usually completely free services to communities has been acknowledged and is increasingly coming to the lime light. Even though, NGOs operate in different capacities and with numerous objectives, motivation and focus. Generally they work as pressure groups, watchdogs and developmental organizations. The United Nations for example has found it very necessary to deal with NGOs. In fact, the term NGO as earlier explained was coined by the U. N. after the WW II. Since then it has extended the ways and principles of it engagement with the NGOs by expanding and improving the way it works with them. The British and American Governments have also created a variety of regional assemblies and grouping to try to bring more people and communities into ctive participation in democratization and other major campaigns. The International Community uses numerous names to describe NGOs. These names include: Non- partisan organizations, not-for-profit, Watchdogs, Pressure Groups, Voluntary Sector, Complimentary Institutions, Stakeholders, Non State Actors, Bridge Builders, Development Partners, Grassroots Organizati ons, Community Based Organizations, Private Voluntary Organizations, Peoples Organization, Value Driven Organizations, Third Sector of the Economy, etc. The world of NGOs has continued to widen and assume more dimension and relevance today. LEGAL STATUS OF NGOs The right to establish, create or form an NGO is a fundamental human right that belong to the individuals or group of people and are not bestowed on the States or Governments. These rights are derived from the fundamental rights of an individual, group or community to free speech and association that exist in almost all civilized constitutions. However, even though NGOs have right to exist and operate as informal organizations, a crucial part of the enabling environment for NGOs requires them to incorporate and acquire formal or legal personality or status this would in turn protect the principles of such NGOs from personal liability for the affairs of the organization, such as contracts, debts or legal action. In Nigeria, for example, Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) is the body charged with the power to register NGOs that desire to operate in Nigeria. CAC derives its powers from the Companies and Allied Matters Decree No. I part C, which took effect from 2nd January 1990. So also States and Local Governments have departments of Social and Community Development and that of Youth and Sports Ministries overseeing the registration of NGOs. AN IDEAL NGO It is expected that every organization should meet some certain requirements in order to engage in legitimate activities as opposed to criminal and illegitimate groups. An ideal NGO is expected to among other things abide by the following: – †¢ To be registered with relevant authorities at the Local, State or National levels depending on the level of operation. To have a well articulated constitution or articles of association or charter. †¢ To have an executive body, and an open and simple criteria for membership or volunteers. †¢ To have an office, correspondence addresses like; post office box, telephone, email, fax, etc. †¢ To have clear and well-defined mission, vision or aims and objectives. †¢ To engage in programmes a nd activities that helped the community. †¢ To have a clean, transparent and verifiable sources of funds for their activities. †¢ To have a leadership, organogram and well established channel of communication. To have very good rappour with their community, other organizations and relevant authorities. CATEGORIES OF NGOs Even though their activities are sometimes similar and aimed at development, NGOs differ in so many ways and aspects. They can be safely categorized into various groupings. They can be CBOs, FBOs, and they can also be INGOs. The World Bank for example classified NGOs into 3 main groups, they are: – a. Community Based organizations (CBO); these are NGOs that are based or directly in touch with the Local communities and usually set up by the communities themselves, e. g. CODEC, CDF, PAMUHE in Zamfara State. b. State NGOs (SNGO) & National NGOs (NNGO); these organizations as the name implies operate as State or at national level in their countries of origin e. g. GLONIJ, FOMWAN, PEDO in Zamfara State etc c. International (INGOs); there are typically in developed countries and they usually carryout their activities in more than one country e. g. CARE, OXFAM, etc. Some of the other categories also include; d. BINGO; Business Oriented International NGOs. e. RINGO; Religious International NGOs. f. FBNGO; Faith Based NGOs. g. ENGO; Environmental NGOs. . GONGO; Government Operated NGOs. i. QUANGO; Quasi –autonomous NGOs. Further sub-divisions are also possible; Active NGOs; these are the ones that strive to address the root causes of societal problems they stage programmes that even attract the media. They are either advocacy, service or development oriented. In active NGOs; These are the less functional ones that have less or no funding whatsoever b ut attend conferences, seminars and workshops. Brief Case NGOs; These are usually one-man show often described as â€Å"Portfolio Type† or a collection of â€Å"Family Business Groups†. Umbrella Organizations for NGOs exist with names like; Networks; These are groups of NGOs from different areas, states or regions that comes from different backgrounds but working in the same field but not necessary the same focus and mission. e. g Cisnan Coalitions; these are umbrella organizations that consist of different NGOs working in different fields of human endevour. They are of differing focus, objectives and missions but they are united for the betterment of their causes and social welfare. e. g Zacons Who fund NGOs? There are a number of funding sources or bodies working with different NGOs. They may be categorizes in the following; 1. Self- Funding; Registration fees, Dues, Levies, Donations, Investments Returns, etc. 2. Local, State or Federal Governments; Naca, Zamsaca, etc 3. Foreign Governments; Like the U. S (USAID), U. K (DFID), E. U, etc. 4. UN Agencies; UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, UNIFEM, etc 5. International NGOs; Global Fund, Oxfam, AAIN, etc 6. Philanthropies/Foundations; Ford Foundation, Rock feller Foundation, Carnegie Foundation, Heinrich Foundation, Melinda Gates Foundation, Packard Foundation, Macarthur Foundation, etc THE ROLE OF NGOs IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT After casting a picture of what NGOs are by showing how they operate and why they are established, we can now safely delve into their contributions national development. NGOs as non state actors, have played and are stilling playing very important and major role in initiating and supporting various Local, National and International developmental activities. To make sense out of this, one may digress a little to show how NGOs are also playing their role internationally. For example concerted campaigns, enormous pressure and actions by States together with NGOs led to the establishment of the International Court of Justice. Globally, NGOs have impacted direct and meaningful involvement in shaping the international agenda at the United Nations and regional levels through remarkable negotiations. NGOs are found in international and regional committees. They also contributed in the MDG and NEEDs programme. They are also engaged as partners in United Nations Agencies such as the UNEP, UNFAO, UNDP, UNCTAP and UNCHR. But since this is outside the scope of this paper there is no need to go further. NOW WHAT IS THE MEANING OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT? To understand the contribution of NGOs to National Development especially in Nigeria, we need to acquaint ourselves with the meaning of the term National Development. Development of any nation is defined by the advanced learners Dictionary as that nation’s process of changing and evolving pattern of becoming larger, stronger, more successful or more advanced. ‘The Roles of Civil Society and Citizen organizations (in national development) are becoming better understood around the world,† says Martin Sime, Chief Executive Officer the Scottish Council of Voluntary Organizations. NGOs has been over the past decade ahead of government on many key issues of our times,† said Mr. Naidoo an Executive social worker. Another separate testimony by Mr. Mario â€Å"Whether we take the issue of land mines, environment, HIV/AIDS, global poverty agenda, gender equity, civil society’s impact is quite significant and remarkable in terms of facing difficult challenges of our time and putting forth solutions that are more bold, more courageous and more innovative than many who are constrained by their political office† says Mario Lubetkin, Director General of the Inter Press Service (IPS). Even though NGOs as oppose to Governments, are well outside decision-making machinery of Governments, they have proved as dependable partners in the formulation of policies and programmes whenever consulted by Governments. Let us now list some areas of contribution by NGOs. 1. NGOs have contributed immensely in monitoring and exposing bad governance, corruption, child trafficking, etc. 2. They have also served as think tanks and resource base for training, capacity, research and advocacy, project planning and execution. 3. Many NGOs have gained the trust of people and Governments, so the Governments machinery has begun to engage and dialogue with them thereby tapping their expertise and skills. NGOs are now no longer considered adversaries but partners in progress. 4. NGOs have had significant progress in raising public awareness on almost any issue that arose. This they do through increased campaigns, sensitization, information collection and data analysis. 5. They have forged ties and engaged in fruitful partnership and networking among themselves. This has boosted cooperation, unity and more developmental services they render to the people. . They have played significant role in shaping the debate for sustainable development. They execute concrete projects and advocate for the formal participation of women in division making. 7. NGOs are contributing immensely in the attainment of environmental justice through protection of social, economic and environmental rights. 8. They have contributed in MDG, NEEDs, Micro credit scheme and poverty alleviation. NGOs in Zamfara State that are affiliated and members of the coalition have contributed to the development of Zamfara States in many ways and at different levels. Currently, NGOs have employed a number of youth both male and female as full time development staff and some on office routine. They can also boost of the largest collection of humanitarian volunteers from communities, civil services and the business sector. NGOs in the state have executed a lot of projects totaling more than 30 millions naira in the past 3 years alone. More then 60 projects in the area of education, health and good governance were executed in Zamfara State. NGOs have exalted themselves in areas of exchange of ideas and information. They have engaged in a number of capacity building workshops and other International Forums. NGOs have attended and represented Zamfara State in a number of seminars, workshops and conferences. In the past few years NGOs in Zamfara can boost of accomplishing the following as their own contribution to state and national development; 1. Enhancing Girls Basic Education in Communities LGAs in Zamfara State. 2. Peer Education, Kasaurara II Project in 12 Northern States. 3. Self help Community Development Projects, 4. Construction of Culverts and Drainages, 5. Participation in Environmental Sanitation Programme. 6. Quiz competition on Radio and T. V among Youth in the State. 7. Sensitization and Awareness on the Annual Hajj exercise. 8. Sensitization workshops on Reproductive Health issues. 9. Organizing of Leadership training courses. 10. Construction of Community Primary School in Tudun Wada, 11. Renovation of Boreholes. 12. Quarterly Training of Trainers Programme on HIV/AIDS. 13. Publication of Books and Journals for Adult and Children 14. Monitoring of Census and Election. 15. Youth and Women Skills training in Zamfara 16. Provision of Care and Support for PLHVA 17. Provision of Emergency and First Aid services. 18. Research Projects on Child Begging and offering solution 19. Sensitization workshop on HIV to opinion leaders. 20. Public Enlightenment of Women on current issues 21. Provision of Public Pumps at U/Zabarma, Gusau 22. Organization of Inter-Secondary Schools Debate 23. Participation in Tree Planting Campaign. 24. Staging of Conflict mitigation workshops 25. Provision of HIV Resource Centre. 26. Sensitization on Affirmative Action for Women 27. Provision of Micro Credit to Women 28. Budget Tracking Workshops 29. Launching of VCT centers and Hotlines in the State In Zamfara State NGOs can be found in different communities set up to work at Local, State and National Levels. This is in recognition of the role they can play in giving useful advises, constructive criticism and sound policy decisions. WHAT ARE THE ROLES PLAYED BY NGOs IN NATIONAL SECURITY Again let us address the term and notion of security and national security before indicating the role the NGOs play in ensuring national Security. In a summary National Security as defined by Wikipedia, the internet encyclopedia refers to the public policy of ensuring the survival and integrity of the nation state through the use of economic, social and military power and the exercise of diplomacy in both peace and war time. The strategy used or employed by the states to protect national security is numerous. They include the use of diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats; marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation of the enemy. Others measures include the use of intelligence and network of agents to depend, defeat or avoid threats and espionage and protect classified information. However, national security does entirely and solely depend on the military power or population of a nation but the social well being of the people of a nation. The components that make up national security include the following: – i. Food security ii. Economic security iii. Political security iv. Social security As indicated above, the notion of national security does not only mean the enforcement of laws and security operations. National security is a collective and relative name. It does not only means enforcement of fear or restoration of Security, but the elimination of all sources of insecurity, which must include the provision of all of the above components. The NGOs helped in no small measure in the maintenance of each of the three mentioned security components. Let us try and list them in this order; i. Food Security: NGO’s most visible role and contribution is in the fight against hunger, unemployment and poverty. They perform so well in these areas by demanding for good policies by governments on the issues of tackling poverty. They help in getting food to the hungry and the needy through humanitarian services, philanthropy, charity and endowments. â€Å"A hungry man they say is indeed an angry man and conversely a source of insecurity†. ii. Economic Security: Through the pursuance of good economic policies by governments the NGOs press for economic reforms and better economic measure to ensure a secure economy that buttress businesses and other economic activities. NGOs are in the forefront in the fight for accountability, transparency and equity by public and private office holders. iii. Political Security: In the public and leadership arena, NGOs are in the forefront in the fight for good governance, democracy and human development. NGOs engage leaders and public office holders by ensuring public based legislation, participation and equal opportunities are provided. v. Social Security: This is one of the most and very important components of national security. Ensuring social cohesion, integration, participation, efficient and adequate distribution of social services and amenities. NGOs also help in the fight for equal opportunities and employment that are integral to their activities not only nationally but also globally. On the health sector the NGOs has reacted to HIV/AIDs, Malaria and Tuberculosis with unprecedented attention and dispatch it deserves. NGOs IN WAR AND PEACE As generally believed, peace is not only the absence of war but a state of maximum security free from all forms of fear. Conversely, there is no security without peace. NGOs offer their services in peacetime and also offer humanitarian services in events of emergencies such as epidemics, earthquakes and other natural or man made disasters. NGOs contribute in no small measure in times of peace and security. This becomes evidently clear in the sense that NGOs themselves help in bridging gaps, resolution of conflicts and public enlightenment on contentious issues. Even though there some NGOs whose formation and activities draws some security concerns, one may hasten to say that those NGOs only strive as a result of inadequate security and failure of governments to provide checks and balances which fuels their existence and increase their activities. These â€Å"NGOs† may include extreme pressure groups, armed freedom fighters, criminal gangs, rebels, cultist, syndicates, cartels, ethnic and racial movements, nationalist fighters, etc. Therefore these organizations should be carefully separated from developmental and progressive NGOs. Even though the above voluntary and community organizations may be initially established or formed by a law abiding community and legally, but later their activities may draw some special concerns, fears and security threats. Generally a good NGO should contribute and argument the effort of their communities, localities, states and nation in their chosen areas of operations. NGOs IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND SECURITY There are numerous NGOs that are found in uniform or out of uniform that help security services in the maintenance of law and order. They participate in confronting emergencies by providing assistants and First Aid support. . g. Red Cross, Red Crescent, Man ‘O’ War Bay, Civil Defense, Volunteer Forces, Scouts, Girls Guide, Boys Brigades, etc. CONCLUSION: One painful fact still remains that security networks and by extension their Governments have not yet recognized and appreciated the huge reserve of knowledge, capacity and resources resident within the voluntary sector that can contribute to their policies and programmes towards National development. On their part, some NGOs underestimated their relevance and the role they can play in National Development and Security through engaging Governments at all levels on all issues. Criticisms of NGOs from some quarters that are either not direct recipient of their services or are ignorant of the role they are playing in national development also abound. They are being called all sorts of names that include; they are self appointed, undemocratic, answer to no constituency, encroaches on National and International laws, long arm of their sponsoring partners, resembles multinationals, chase disasters, proponents of western values, aggressive organizations, extremist, etc. Whatever the criticism, it is evidently clear that nationally and Internationally, political and economic developments has risen with the rise and rise of NGOs, Civil Organizations has become a vital link and force for social change. They put people first before profit; they put food first before reserve or politicking. The bottom line is that, the work of NGOs which is the provision of socio-economic needs of the people as well as caring for their well being are also the key elements in any development and security effort of any nation. The security of people must starts from meeting their human needs. This implies that social amenities such as shelter, education, health and other infrastructural materials and the elimination of economic inequality are part of security. All of the above cannot be secured unless and until we have good governance, democracy, peace, security and sustainable national development. Fortunately, these are exactly what the NGOs are fighting for and were known for globally. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The Author of the paper holds HND in Printing Technology from Kaduna Polytechnic in 1989. He worked in the private sector and was one time Managing Director Nasiha Professional Printers, Sokoto and Zamfara States. He was also the Press Manager, Mazan – Fara Printing Press, Gusau. He worked in the public sector and was the Chief Superintendent of Press, Survey Division, Ministry of Lands and Survey, Zamfara State. He also served NGOs in different capacities: Executive Member, Muslim Students Society, Kaduna Polytechnic Branch, Secretary General, Joint Youth Islamic Organizations, Zamfara State. Currently he is the Secretary General, Global Network for Islamic Justice, Zamfara State, Executive Director, Partnership for Muslim Health, Zamfara State, Chairman, Coalition of Non-Governmental Organizations, Zamfara State, President, Association of Nigeria Authors, Zamfara State Chapter. He has attended so many seminars and conferences both at national and international levels. The Author is currently employed with the Zamfara State Zakat and Endowment Board, in the position of Director Zakat Collection. SOME ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED AAN-Action Aid Nigeria CSACEFA-Civil Society Action Coalition on Education for All. CISHNAN-Civil Society Network on HIV/AIDS. DFID-Department for International Development. SFH-Society for Family Health SACA-State Action Committee on Aids USAID-United State Agency for International Development CODEC-Community Development Centre NACA-National Action Committee on Aids CISCOPE-Civil Society Action Coalition on Poverty Eradication GLONIJ-Global Network For Islamic Justice UNDP-United Nations Development Programme NEEDS-National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy IDASA-Institute of Democracy South Africa. ZASCON-Zamfara State Coalition of NGO’s AAIN-Action Aid International SEEDS-State Economic Empowerment Development Strategy TMG-Transition Monitoring Group PLWHA-People Living with HIV/AIDS CARE-Cooperative Assistant for Relief Everywhere REFERENCE The rise and rise of NGOs – Peter Hall-Jones, Public Services International, May, 2006. NGOs the self appointed altruist – Sam Vakain, Ph. D – 2005 The role of Egypt C. S. O in Development & Reform – USEF Panel Discussion Notes, 2004. Categorizing NGOs; – World Bank Criteria. Towards an enabling legal environment for CSO – Sixteenth Annual John Hopkins International Fellows in Philanthropy Conference, Nairobi, Kenya. NGOs – Wikipeadia; the free encyclopedia. C. S. O & Democratic oversight of the security sector – Macina Caparini, DCAF, International Security Forum Zurich, 2002.

The French Expression Comme il Faut

The French Expression Comme il Faut Expression: Comme il faut Pronunciation: [kuh meel fo] Meaning: properly, correctly, respectably Literal translation: as it must Register: normal Notes The French expression comme il faut comes from the impersonal verb falloir. Il faut means it is necessary, so comme il faut means as (it) is necessary or, more idiomatically, properly, respectably. Comme il faut can be used in reference to any sort of situation in which etiquette demands a certain type of behavior. Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Habille-toi comme il faut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Dress properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Qui peut faire ce travail comme il faut  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Who can do this work correctly?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Des clients vont dà ®ner avec nous ce soir, alors conduisez-vous comme il faut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Clients are going to eat with us tonight, so behave/be on your best behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne sais pas rà ©pondre comme il faut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont know how to respond properly, I dont know the right way to respond. It can even be used as an adjectival phrase:   Ã‚  Ã‚  des enfants trà ¨s comme il faut   Ã‚  Ã‚  well-behaved children Comme il faut can also be used in reference to things with a meaning more along the lines of as it should or like its supposed to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mon ordinateur ne marche pas comme il faut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  My computer doesnt work/run like it should. When comme il faut is used in English, it tends to have a somewhat snobbish nuance that is not necessarily present in the original French expression.

How to Analyze Data Graphics on SAT Reading and Writing

How to Analyze Data Graphics on SAT Reading and Writing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On both the Reading and Writing sections of the SAT, there are questions that incorporate graphs, charts, and tables. On the Reading section, the Official SAT Study Guide refers to these questions as "interpreting data presented in informational graphics." On the Writing section, they're referred to as "drawing connections between words and data." Both question types contribute to your Command of Evidence subscore. For the purposes of brevity and clarity, I'll call the Reading and Writing questions that use data and graphics quantitative questions. In this article, I'll explain the different types of quantitative questions on Reading and Writing. Furthermore, I'll give you example questions and strategies to help you correctly answer quantitative questions on the SAT. Quantitative Questions on the SAT There are quantitative questions on both the Reading and Writing sections of the SAT. Typically, there will be about 3-6 quantitative questions on Reading and 1-2 on Writing. If you understand the different types of quantitative questions and practice understanding how data is presented on the SAT, you should be able to correctly answer these questions. I'll walk you through the three major types of quantitative questions on Reading and Writing, and I’ll provide a step-by-step approach for answering each type of question. Type #1: Data Questions These are direct questions that test you on whether you can read the information that’s presented. They're the most straightforward quantitative questions. I’ll provide examples and guidance for how to answer these questions. On these types of questions, the first step is to carefully read the graph. Make sure you understand what it's showing and how the information is being displayed. Then, determine what the question is asking. These questions are fairly basic, so you're most likely to make a mistake by either misinterpreting the graph or the question. Finally, you need to refer back to the graph to locate the answer. The information on the graph will directly support your answer choice. Let's take a look at a couple of examples of these types of questions. SAT Examples Follow the steps I provided to answer this data question from a practice SAT. Before attempting to answer the question, familiarize yourself with the graph. You’re most likely to make a mistake by rushing or being careless and reading the graph incorrectly. Make sure you understand each component of the graph. The graph is comparing regular coffee profits to fair trade coffee profits over time. The top line with the unshaded circles is graphing the profits of fair trade coffee. The bottom line with the shaded circles is graphing the profits of regular coffee. The X-axis, or horizontal line, shows the year and the Y-axis, or vertical line, is the amount of profit in US cents per pound. Next, let’s look at the question and determine what it’s asking. The question is asking us to identify the time period when the difference between profits from fair trade and those from regular coffee was largest. Refer back to the graph to find the answer. On the graph, the period when the difference between the profits was largest corresponds with the points on the graph where the distance between the top line and the bottom line is the largest. Quickly, you can see that the largest difference between the profits occurred during 2002-2004. The correct answer is B. If you didn’t realize the distance between the lines corresponded with the difference between the profits, you could have identified the profits for fair trade and regular coffee from the graph for each answer choice and calculated the difference between them. This would be a longer process, but you would still arrive at the correct answer. Here's another example of this type of question. Remember to follow all the necessary steps to answer the question. Again, let’s take a look at the graph first. The graph is showing changes in the depth of isotherms over a 24- hour period. The X-axis is the time of day, and the Y-axis is the depth below the surface in meters. The top line in the graph represents the isotherm of 13 degrees Celsius. The lines below represent the isotherms of , 10, and 9 degrees. Now, we’ll determine what the question is asking. We have to identify the isotherm that shows an increase in depth during the period 19:12 to 20:24. At this point, we’ll refer back to the graph to find our answer. If you take a look at the Y-axis, you’ll notice that a lower point on the Y-axis corresponds with a greater depth below the surface. Therefore, to answer our question, we need to find the isotherm in which its line moves down from 19:12 to 20:24. The only isotherm that shows a downward trajectory from 19:12 to 20:24 is 13 degrees Celsius. The correct answer is D. Steven Depolo/Flickr Type #2: Interpreting Data These questions require you to draw a conclusion or support a statement based on the data. You have to be able to determine what the information means. For these questions, it's easiest to go through the answer choices to determine which one is accurate based on the data. First, again, make sure you know what the question is asking. After you understand the question, look through the answer choices. For each answer choice, refer to the data to conclude whether or not the graphical information supports the answer choice. If the data doesn't support the statement in the answer choice, eliminate that choice. Continue to eliminate answers until you find the correct one. Follow these steps on the following SAT example questions. SAT Examples Check out this interpreting data question from the Reading section. We have to use the information from the graph to determine which statement is true. Again, for these questions, it’s easiest to go through the answer choices to determine which one is supported by the data. Let’s start with answer choice A and refer to the first figure. We have to determine if the number of students using public transportation is greater than the number of retirees using public transportation. From the pie graph, we can see that 10.7% of passengers are students and only 6.7% are retirees. The figure does support answer choice A. We can quickly go through the other choices to ensure that A is correct. For answer choice B, employed people are 72% and unemployed people are only 6.4% of passengers; therefore B is untrue. For answer choice C, homemakers are only 2% of passengers and those employed outside the home are 72%, so C is untrue. For answer choice D, in the figure, there is no mention of how often various groups use public transportation. The figure graphs the occupations of the passengers, but it says nothing about the frequency with which they use public transportation. Therefore, D is not supported by Figure 1, and the correct answer is A. Let’s try one more interpreting data question from the Writing section: Based on the sentence from the passage, we have to determine what happens when Empire apples are treated with 1-MCP. The dark bars represent apples that were treated with 1-MCP. Let’s go through the answer choices to see which one is true based on the data in the graph. For each answer choice, we'll refer back to the graph to see if the statement is an accurate interpretation of the data in the graph. Answer choice A is wrong because the graph shows that Empire apples experience almost 50% browning after being treated with 1-MCP and placed immediately in a controlled atmosphere. Answer choice B appears to be true. The data indicate that roughly 50% of the apple flesh browned with 1-MCP treated apples placed in the open air and those immediately placed in a controlled atmosphere. The dark bar on the right is a little more than 50%, and the dark bar on the left is a little less than 50%. Answer choice C is incorrect because both dark bars show that there is browning. Answer choice D is wrong because there is more browning with 1-MCP apples that are stored in the open air than there is with apples that weren’t treated with 1-MCP and stored in the open air. The correct answer is B. Side Stage Collective/Flickr Type #3: Combining Data With Information From the Passage These questions require you to understand the data and what’s written in the passage. You have to decide if the data supports information in the passage and vice versa. Often, you can answer these questions with just the data or only a basic understanding of the passage. Like all quantitative questions, first make sure that you comprehend the passage. Then, similar to the interpreting data questions, you have to go through the answer choices to determine if the data support the answer choice. Finally, you may have to refer to the passage to ensure that both the data and the passage reflect an answer choice before you make your selection. Check out these examples from practice SATs. SAT Examples Here’s an example from the Writing section: First, we must determine what the question is asking. Based on the map, we must figure out which term is heard in the middle and western portions of the US, which term is used in the south, and which term is used in the northeastern and southwestern US. The terms should be placed in order: middle and western US first, south next, and then northeastern and southwestern US. Next, let’s look at the map to determine which terms are used in the different regions. In the middle and west, â€Å"pop† is the popular term. The dark shaded color in that area corresponds with use of the word â€Å"pop.† In the south,â€Å"coke† is the term of choice. The diagonal lines in that area correspond with using the word â€Å"coke.† Finally, in the northeastern and southwestern US, â€Å"soda† is the word commonly used as indicated by the lightly shaded area. Therefore, the answer should be â€Å"pop,† â€Å"coke,† â€Å"soda." Look at the answer choices to find the correct answer. The correct answer is C.Here's one more example from the Reading section: Because the correct answer has to be supported by the passage and the graph, we can first eliminate the answer choices that are not supported by the graph.Answer choice A can be eliminated because the graph doesn’t provide any information about salinity. Based on the graph alone, you may not know which layers of water are denser, so for now, we’ll leave answer choice B. Answer choice C can be eliminated, because the graph indicates that the colder bands are lower.Based on the graph, answer choice D is correct. None of the waves go above 0 meters. We’re left with B and D. Now we can go to the passage to see which choice is supported by the passage. Let’s start with B. This is taken directly from the passage: The passage states that colder water is denser, and the graph shows that the colder water is below the warmer water. Therefore, B can’t be correct. Now let’s confirm that D is the right answer. These are the first 3 sentences of the passage: The passage clearly states that internal waves are underwater, and the graph shows that the internal waves never rise above 0 meters. The correct answer is D. Strategies for Quantitative Questions on Reading and Writing Here are some tips to keep in mind that will help you with the quantitative questions on Reading and Writing. Ignore the Data in the Passage Until You’re Answering the Related Questions If you see a graph or chart in a passage, disregard it until you attempt to answer the questions based on the data. You’ll have to refer back to the graph or chart when you’re answering the questions, so you don’t have to waste time looking at the data beforehand. Familiarize Yourself With the Data Before Answering the Question Before selecting an answer to a quantitative question, understand each component of the graph or chart. Know what’s being measured and exactly how it’s being measured. Make sure to read the labels and scales. If you incorrectly identify what's being measured on the x-axis or y-axis of a graph, then you're likely to get the question wrong. Similarly, if you don't correctly determine what each bar or line is measuring in a graph, you'll have difficulty correctly answering the quantitative questions. When Answering Questions That Ask You to Interpret the Data, Go Through the Answer Choices to Determine the Correct Answer For questions that ask you to identify which statement is true based on the data, go through each statement to see if it’s supported by the data. If one of the answer choices makes a claim that is either proven incorrect by the data or can't be directly supported by the data, then you should eliminate that answer choice. The correct answer will be the only one that is definitively proven by the graphical information. Oftentimes, there will be an answer that seems plausible, but it can only be the correct answer if it's supported by the evidence. Only Refer Back to the Passage if Necessary For most quantitative questions, you can rely solely on the data to answer the question. If you have to go back to the passage to confirm your answer choice, do as much as you can with the just the data to eliminate answer choices before referring to the passage. This will save you time. What's Next? Quantitative questions first appeared on the SAT in March of 2016. Find out how the Reading and Writing sections have changed. Also, you may want to learn how to excel on the SAT essay. Finally, learn from a perfect scorer how to get a 1600 on the SAT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Free Essays on Marriage In The Middle Ages

As human beings, we often spend our entire lives living to be loved and searching for our â€Å"soul mate.† In response to this need for love and companionship, the tradition of marriage was brought into existence. The idea of a "perfect" wedding has drastically changed over the years; however, if we examine history, we will find that no other era was as influential towards marriage as the Middle Ages. One might say the medieval marriages were the building blocks to what marriage is today. The appropriate age to get married in the Middle Ages was much younger than what we see today. Grooms, on the average, were much older than their brides. More than three-fourths of all women were married before they reached the age of nineteen; however, there were cases of noble women not marrying until twenty-four. Couples typically married as soon as they reached maturity or were able to have children. Love, however, was not seen as a necessity. This is a result of the medieval belief that the sole purpose of marriage was to reproduce. Most couples weren't married by choice; rather the majority of marriages were arranged. This custom allowed families control over who their children spent the rest of their lives with. Marriage laws in the Middle Ages were very strict, yet to the point. Each marriage custom had laws to go along with it; if these laws were not upheld, legal action could be taken. The council of Westminster decided in 1076 that no man should give his daughter or female relative to anyone without religious blessing. Later, councils would decide that marriage should not be secret but held in the open. Marriage became a public confession of two people's love for one another. Witnesses are and were always present at a wedding to ensure its validity. Many of the wedding customs followed by medieval couples are still carried out today. Even in medieval marriage vows, the couple's promise to each other was sealed with a kiss which symbo... Free Essays on Marriage In The Middle Ages Free Essays on Marriage In The Middle Ages As human beings, we often spend our entire lives living to be loved and searching for our â€Å"soul mate.† In response to this need for love and companionship, the tradition of marriage was brought into existence. The idea of a "perfect" wedding has drastically changed over the years; however, if we examine history, we will find that no other era was as influential towards marriage as the Middle Ages. One might say the medieval marriages were the building blocks to what marriage is today. The appropriate age to get married in the Middle Ages was much younger than what we see today. Grooms, on the average, were much older than their brides. More than three-fourths of all women were married before they reached the age of nineteen; however, there were cases of noble women not marrying until twenty-four. Couples typically married as soon as they reached maturity or were able to have children. Love, however, was not seen as a necessity. This is a result of the medieval belief that the sole purpose of marriage was to reproduce. Most couples weren't married by choice; rather the majority of marriages were arranged. This custom allowed families control over who their children spent the rest of their lives with. Marriage laws in the Middle Ages were very strict, yet to the point. Each marriage custom had laws to go along with it; if these laws were not upheld, legal action could be taken. The council of Westminster decided in 1076 that no man should give his daughter or female relative to anyone without religious blessing. Later, councils would decide that marriage should not be secret but held in the open. Marriage became a public confession of two people's love for one another. Witnesses are and were always present at a wedding to ensure its validity. Many of the wedding customs followed by medieval couples are still carried out today. Even in medieval marriage vows, the couple's promise to each other was sealed with a kiss which symbo...

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Investment Incentives Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Urban outfitters budgets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Free Trade and Fair Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Paraphrasing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Paraphrasing - Assignment Example According to reliable source, it is asserted that both security and commercial building communications services are very significant. They primarily help in performing day to day tasks as well as occupant security in ever association. In this essay, issues related to both Commercial building communications and security services will be discussed. Further, this report portrays a multi story level 32 offices, that has been linked with building communication systems, emergency warning systems, MATV, audio visual design layouts, and then it will emphasize on a point of ensuring all the systems are well staged in the building. Experts affirm that there are several components that are significant when evaluating the above phenomenon. The components ensure that the occupants’ requirements as well as their expected standards have been met. The following are some few aspects that that a building that has tenants needs to have; the first is, Telecommunication System, Master Antenna Tele vision, Emergency Warning System , Security Systems and lastly Audio Visual Systems. This being a type of guided transmission mediums, it should be acknowledged that cables are installed in a good way with the aim of transmitting electromagnetic waves. Therefore, from their role, they are known as electromagnetic wave guides. For a building made to accommodate tenants, it is advisable to ensure that the telecommunication cabling provides at least two communications outlets per every work station in open plan areas. Here, it should be noted for better electromagnetic wave transmission, then it should be noted a soft cabling scheme will bring out a better field of action. The soft cabling should use MUTOs for outlets that are plat-formed on telecommunication; this works bests in an open plan office area. Second, one telecommunication outlet should be provided that is per two persons seating in a meeting

Urban outfitters budgets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Urban outfitters budgets - Essay Example expansion of the market will lead to application of new marketing strategies and employment of more workers, which will increase the wages and administrative expenses (Smith 2010). In marketing, control and evaluation is crucial because Urban Outfitters determines the performance and effectiveness of marketing operations. In measuring the performance of marketing information, control and evaluation provides useful information. Evaluation and control program in the marketing department provides the manager with output of the services and products. Evaluation and control can also help the company to know where to make improvement and the areas it has success. Through evaluation and control the business takes into account external conditions relating to marketing programs like customer feedback. The feedbacks help in determining employee performance. Through control and evaluation Urban Outfitters will be able to focus in all marketing areas (Smith

Paraphrasing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Paraphrasing - Assignment Example According to reliable source, it is asserted that both security and commercial building communications services are very significant. They primarily help in performing day to day tasks as well as occupant security in ever association. In this essay, issues related to both Commercial building communications and security services will be discussed. Further, this report portrays a multi story level 32 offices, that has been linked with building communication systems, emergency warning systems, MATV, audio visual design layouts, and then it will emphasize on a point of ensuring all the systems are well staged in the building. Experts affirm that there are several components that are significant when evaluating the above phenomenon. The components ensure that the occupants’ requirements as well as their expected standards have been met. The following are some few aspects that that a building that has tenants needs to have; the first is, Telecommunication System, Master Antenna Tele vision, Emergency Warning System , Security Systems and lastly Audio Visual Systems. This being a type of guided transmission mediums, it should be acknowledged that cables are installed in a good way with the aim of transmitting electromagnetic waves. Therefore, from their role, they are known as electromagnetic wave guides. For a building made to accommodate tenants, it is advisable to ensure that the telecommunication cabling provides at least two communications outlets per every work station in open plan areas. Here, it should be noted for better electromagnetic wave transmission, then it should be noted a soft cabling scheme will bring out a better field of action. The soft cabling should use MUTOs for outlets that are plat-formed on telecommunication; this works bests in an open plan office area. Second, one telecommunication outlet should be provided that is per two persons seating in a meeting